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fdisk is a menu-driven command-line utility that allows you to create and manipulate partition tables on a hard disk.
fdisk is a dangerous tool and should be used with extreme caution. (root or users with sudo privileges can manipulate the partition tables)
To list the partition table of a device
sudo fdisk -l
fdiks with -l flag and no other argument will display all the driver
Disk /dev/sda: 1.82 TiB, 2000398934016 bytes, 3907029168 sectors Disk model: WDC WDS200T1R0A Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk /dev/sdb: 238.47 GiB, 256060514304 bytes, 500118192 sectors Disk model: W800S 256GB SSD Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disklabel type: gpt Disk identifier: D283DB7D-0D7C-477E-BF41-930FF235C34D Device Start End Sectors Size Type /dev/sdb1 2048 1230847 1228800 600M EFI System /dev/sdb2 1230848 106088447 104857600 50G Linux filesystem /dev/sdb3 106088448 122865663 16777216 8G Linux swap /dev/sdb4 122865664 500118158 377252495 179.9G Linux filesystem
To list the partitions for a drive run
sudo fdisk -l /dev/sdb
It will show something like
Disk /dev/sdb: 238.47 GiB, 256060514304 bytes, 500118192 sectors Disk model: W800S 256GB SSD Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disklabel type: gpt Disk identifier: D283DB7D-0D7C-477E-BF41-930FF235C34D Device Start End Sectors Size Type /dev/sdb1 2048 1230847 1228800 600M EFI System /dev/sdb2 1230848 106088447 104857600 50G Linux filesystem /dev/sdb3 106088448 122865663 16777216 8G Linux swap /dev/sdb4 122865664 500118158 377252495 179.9G Linux filesystem
To start partitioning the drive, run fdisk with the device name
sudo fdisk /dev/sdb
The command prompt will change, and the fdisk dialogue where you can type in commands will open:
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.34). Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them. Be careful before using the write command. Command (m for help): m
Type m to display all the options
Device does not contain a recognized partition table. Created a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x435158be. Command (m for help): m Help: DOS (MBR) a toggle a bootable flag b edit nested BSD disklabel c toggle the dos compatibility flag Generic d delete a partition F list free unpartitioned space l list known partition types n add a new partition p print the partition table t change a partition type v verify the partition table i print information about a partition Misc m print this menu u change display/entry units x extra functionality (experts only) Script I load disk layout from sfdisk script file O dump disk layout to sfdisk script file Save & Exit w write table to disk and exit q quit without saving changes Create a new label g create a new empty GPT partition table G create a new empty SGI (IRIX) partition table o create a new empty DOS partition table s create a new empty Sun partition table Command (m for help):
The partition table you make, won’t take effect until you write them with the w command
You can exit the fdisk dialogue without saving the changes using the q command.
fdisk supports several partitioning schemes
Use MBR to boot the disk in legacy BIOS mode.
Use GPT to boot the disk in UEFI mode.
The MBR standard supports creating a disk partition up to 2 TiB. If you have a disk of 2 TiB or larger, use GPT.
Enter g to create a new empty GPT partition table
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.34). Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them. Be careful before using the write command. Command (m for help): g
The output will look something like
Created a new GPT disklabel (GUID: 4649EE36-3013-214E-961C-51A9187A7503).
Type n to create a new partition
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.34). Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them. Be careful before using the write command. Command (m for help): n
You’ll be prompted to enter the partition number. Hit “Enter” to use the default value (1)
Partition number (1-128, default 1):
Next, the command will ask you to specify the first sector. Generally it is always recommended to use the default values for the first value. Hit “Enter” to use the default value (2048)
First sector (2048-500118158, default 2048):
You’ll need to enter the last sector. You can use an absolute value for the last sector or relative value to the start sector, using the + symbol following by the partition size. The size can be specified in kibibytes (K), mebibytes (M), gibibytes (G), tebibytes (T), or pebibytes (P).
Last sector, +/-sectors or +/-size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-500118158, default 500118158): +100G
Created a new partition 1 of type 'Linux filesystem' and of size 100 GiB.
By default, the type of the new partition is set to “Linux filesystem”, which should be fine for most cases. If you want to change the type, press l to get a list of partition types and then press t to change the type.
Once done creating partitions, use the p command to display the new partition table
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.34). Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them. Be careful before using the write command. Command (m for help): p
The output will be like
Disk /dev/sdb: 298.9 GiB, 320072933376 bytes, 625142448 sectors Disk model: nal USB 3.0 Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes Disklabel type: gpt Disk identifier: F8365250-AF58-F74E-B592-D56E3A5DEED1 Device Start End Sectors Size Type /dev/sdb1 2048 209717247 209715200 100G Linux filesystem /dev/sdb2 209717248 625142414 415425167 198.1G Linux filesystem
If you want to delete a partition, use the d command. Save the changes by running the w command:
The command will write the table to the disk and exit the fdisk menu
To format both any partition (ext4)
sudo mkfs.ext4 -F /dev/sdb1 sudo mkfs.ext4 -F /dev/sdb2 sudo mkfs.ext4 -F /dev/sdb3
The output will be like
mke2fs 1.45.5 (07-Jan-2020) Creating filesystem with 51928145 4k blocks and 12984320 inodes Filesystem UUID: 63a3457e-c3a1-43f4-a0e6-01a7dbe7dfed Superblock backups stored on blocks: 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208, 4096000, 7962624, 11239424, 20480000, 23887872 Allocating group tables: done Writing inode tables: done Creating journal (262144 blocks): done Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
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